International Web-Conference on History of Mathematics December 20-22, 2020
Indian Society for History of Mathematics (ISHM), Delhi, India
Indian Society for History of Mathematics Conference Report
This 3-day international conference on History of Mathematics organized during December 2022, 2020 received wide participation from across the globe. Total of more than 43 abstracts were received, and 30 talks were delivered by renowned professors, mathematicians and researchers from different parts of the world covering all aspects of history and development of mathematics, apart from 12 other talks which were mathematically technical in nature.
The conference was inaugurated by Prof. R.C. Gupta on December 20, 2020, at 10: 00 am. In his address, Prof. Gupta recalled his long association with the ISHM and GanitabhÄratÄ«. He emphasized the need for the younger scholars of the history of mathematics in India to study all source materials, and develop the ability to study the material in Sanskrit and other languages. He also emphasized the need for having courses on Indian mathematics at the PG level, at the least. Prof. M.S. Sriram delivered the welcome speech and recalled the contribution of various persons to the development of the ISHM over the past 40 years. He stressed the need for Indians to have their own assessment of the Indian tradition in mathematics and other traditions too. Prof. M.C.Joshi proposed the vote of thanks at the end of the inaugural function.
DAY 1
Session 1 was scheduled during 10:30 am to 1:15 pm on December 20, 2020. Prof. S. G. Dani (Univ. of Mumbai- DAE centre for basic sciences, Mumbai) chaired the session. The first four talks in this session were on some mathematical ideas in the Kerala school of mathematics and astronomy, which are not as well known as the infinite series for Ï and the sine/ cosine functions. Prof. M.S. Sriram ( K.V. Sarma Research Foundation, Chennai) spoke on the second-order Taylor series and other calculus ideas in some Kerala texts. Dr. Venketeswara Pai (IISER, Pune) talked about the use of both regular and semi-regular continued fractions method and their use in astronomy problems in Karanapadddhati and Drkkarana. Dr. Aditya Kolachana ( IIT Madras, Chennai) invited us to have an in-depth look at the method of exact computation of Udayalagna (the ascendant) in Lagnaprakarana. Dr. K. Mahesh (IIT Bombay, Mumbai) dwelt on the dissectional proof of an algebraic identity for finding the cube of a number in Aryabhatiyabhashya of Nilakantha Somayaji. In the fifth talk, Prof. K. Ramasubramanian and Mr.D.G. Sooryanarayan (IIT Bombay, Mumbai) presented their study of Narayana Panditaâs 4 x 4 pan-diagonal magic squares with turagagati (horse movement in Chess) .
Session 2 was held during 2:00 pm to 5:00 pm on December 20, 2020, and was chaired by Prof. M. S. Sriram and Prof. Tarun Kumar Das (University of Delhi). There were six talks in this session. In the first presentation, Prof. Satyanad Kichenassamy (LMR, CNRS & Universite de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France) pointed out how the works of Baudhayana, Brahmagupta, Tartaglia and other ancient mathematicians spell out not only theorems but their assumptions and the essential elements of proofs, in his talk on âImpact of History on modern research and teachingâ. In the second talk, Prof. Niccolo Guicciardini (Universita degli Studi di Milano, Italy) described the significance of David Gregoryâs manuscript, âIssaci Newtoni Methodus Fluxoniumâ in the scribal circulation of Newtonâs mathematical methods. In the next lecture, Prof. Agathe Keller (Sphere, CNRS & UniversitĂ© de Paris, Paris) pointed out how D.E. Smith helped many Indian scholars like B.B. Datta, Ganguli and P.C. Sengupta to publish their works abroad and encouraged them to write on the history of Hindu Mathematics. In the fourth talk, Prof. Jens Hoyrup (Roskilde University, Denmark) talked about the solution of algebraic equations with two unknowns in Latin and Italian mathematics, and how they were not considered anything special. In the fifth talk, Saeed Seyed Agha Banihashemi (I.H. University, Iran) discussed the role of history in mathematics education. In the last talk, Prof. Eka Ratna Acharya and Krishna Prasad Bhatt (Tribhuvan University, Nepal) discussed the close link between India and Nepal in the past, as regards mathematics and astronomy in detail, and particularly the relation between Satanandaâs Bhaswati, and Balabhadraâs Balabhodini.
DAY 2
On December 21, 2020 during 10:00 am to 1:00 pm Session 3 with seven talks was held, which was chaired by Prof. Anupam Jain (Kundakunda Gyanpitha, Indore). In the first talk, Prof. Amartya Kumar Dutta (Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata) talked on âArithmetic Mean in Ancient India and Europeâ. He emphasized how historians of mathematics have completely overlooked the clear, precise, and abundant use of the arithmetic mean in the works Brahmagupta, Sridhara, Mahavira, Prthudaka Swamy, Bhaskaracharya, and others. In the second talk, Dr. Ramakalyani Venkataraman (Prof. K.V. Sarma Research Foundation, Chennai) presented some selected upapattis on properties of right triangles, areas and diagonals of quadrilaterals, chord, arrow and diameter of a circle in the Buddhivilasini commentary of Ganesha Daivajna on Lilavati. In the next lecture, Prof. S.G. Dani described the formula for the arc and area corresponding to a chord in a circle, their significance, and analogues in other ancient civilisations. The fourth talk was by Prof. Sita Sundar Ram (Kuppuswami Sastry Research Institute Chennai) on nonlinear equations in Bijaganita of Bhaskara. It considered their classification, and how they were solved using ingenious techniques. In the fifth talk,  Prof. K. Gopinath (Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru) discussed computational thinking in India, and relation to ideas in combinatorics, logic, and linguistics. The sixth talk was by Dr. Omkar Lal Shrivastava and Sumita Shrivastava (Government Kamladevi Rathi Girls P.G.College, Rajnandgaon) on âPrime numbers in Tilyosara of Nemichandra Siddhanta Chakravartiâ. He pointed out that Nemichandra was the first Indian who studied prime numbers. He considered prime numbers of the form 2 + 1 , discussed much later by Fermat. The last talk was by Prof. G.S. Rawat and Mahesh Joshi (Kumaun University, Nainital) who described the contributions of Bhaskara â I, the ancient mathematician and astronomer.
Session 4 was chaired by Prof. Mahesh Joshi, and Dr. Darshana Prajapati (M B Patel Institute of Technology, V V Nagar, Gujarat) and had six talks. The first talk was by Prof. S.A. Katre, (Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune) who reviewed the names of decimal places in India from Vedic times to recent times, used by various authors in the Sanskrit Language. In the second talk, Prof. Anupam Jain (Kundakunda Gyanpitha, Indore) discussed texts on Indian languages bearing the name âLilavatiâ from 12th century onwards in various Indian languages. Most of them were not translations of the celebrated âLilavatiâ of Bhaskaracharya , but had âLilavatiâ as the title because of the immense popularity of the text by Bhaskara with that title. In the next talk,  Dr. Dipak Jadhav (Govt. Boysâ Higher Secondary School, Barwani, MP) pointed out how ancient mathematicians like Rajaditya gave examples with social and cultural significance to explain mathematical problems. In the fourth talk, Prof. Shrenik Bandi (IPS Academy, Indore) discussed mantras, yantras (mystic diagrams) and their relation with numbers in the Indian tradition and their impact. He gave various examples from Vedic and Jain traditions. In the next talk Prof. Avinash Sathaye (University of Kentucky, USA) disussed the generalized Brahmagupta â Jayadeva- Bhaskara problem, that is, finding all possible integers denoted by c, such that   + =  has some integer solutions (x , y) solutions. He presented a solution to the generalized problem using essentially Bhaskaraâs method and the theory of Bhaskara forms as in Krishnaswamy Ayyangarâs famous paper. The last talk was on âRamanujan- the lost master of mathematicsâ by Dr. Amita Joshi (IPS Academy, Indore), which included a brief biographical account and also some of his important contributions.
During 5:00 pm to 6:30 pm, there was a technical session, which was chaired by Prof. Omkar Lal Shrivastava, and Prof. Mahesh Joshi, wherein around 15 researchers presented their work.
DAY 3
December 22, 2020, is a very special day as it is celebrated as the  National Mathematics Day in India, inthe memory of the great mathematician, Srinivasa Ramanujan. On this significant day session 5 was organized under the chairmanship of Prof. K. Ramasubramanian during 10. 00 am â 12.30 pm. The first talk by Jonathan Crabtree (Australia) was on
âBrahmaguptaâs definition of Sunya failing to be transmitted to renaissance Europe via the Arabic worldâ.
He also pointed out the necessity to integrate laws of mechanics, physics and common sense better, for the benefit of mathematics teaching today. In the second talk, Dr. Keshav Melnad (IIT Gandhinagar) discussed the development of corrections to the solar longitude from ancient to modern times, along with their significance and mathematical rationale, with some examples. In the next talk, Dr. Sundari Kameswari (IMSEC, Gaziabad) spoke on Tantrasangraha of Nilakantha Somayaji, including his brief biography and some details of the first chapter. The fourth talk belonged to a different genre, altogether, and is of current relevance. It was on âA Model-based analysis of Covid-19 big data: an advanced linear algebraic approachâ by Dr. Udayaraj Patare and Shraddha Ingale (Ahmadnagar College, Ahmadnagar). The last talk was by Prof. M.D. Srinivas (Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai) who gave a detailed exposition of the âFolding method of Narayana Panditaâ for the construction of Sarvatobhadra, or the most perfect magic squares. He pointed out many features of Narayanaâs methods which have not been appreciated by even experts. He pointed out that the folding method is the simplest method for the construction of magic squares.
This is being followed by the Valedictory session in which Prof M.D. Srinivas has given a concise but illuminating account of the life and work of Srinivasa Ramanujan. He has pointed out how the assessment of Ramanujanâs work by the experts has been more positive in the recent times, thanks to very detailed studies of his results.
We hope that we have all benefited significantly from the fruitful deliberations during the 3day web- conference. This concludes the brief report of the 3-day conference.